Romans 16: Greetings to the Jews and gentiles

Paul sends greetings to Jews (Herodion, Andronicus and Junias) and many gentiles as for instance Phoebe, from the church at Cenchrea - a port in Corinth. Probably, Paul was writing the letter from Corinth and sent it to the Romans by Phoebe; thus Phoebe had to be welcomed in a house in Rome. Paul asked the church to treat her well.
There were others with Paul, including Jews such as Jason and Sosipater.


17-18 One final word of counsel, friends. Keep a sharp eye out for those who take bits and pieces of the teaching that you learned and then use them to make trouble. Give these people a wide berth. They have no intention of living for our Master Christ. They’re only in this for what they can get out of it, and aren’t above using pious sweet talk to dupe unsuspecting innocents.

The purpose of the disciples of Jesus is to live for the Master, but there were people using pious sweet talk to be accepted as Christians while in fact they were there to take advantage of the church. Paul said to avoid them. It is difficult to imagine such council being given today in a pulpit.

25-26 All of our praise rises to the One who is strong enough to make you strong, exactly as preached in Jesus Christ, precisely as revealed in the mystery kept secret for so long but now an open book through the prophetic Scriptures. All the nations of the world can now know the truth and be brought into obedient belief, carrying out the orders of God, who got all this started, down to the final detail.

Paul knew all the Old Testament, but now, through Jesus the Old Testament was fulfilled, opening the blessings of the Lord to all nations.

Romans 15: Jesus came to Israel, blessing the gentiles.

In Romans 15, the Apostle Paul delivers a powerful climax to his letter, demonstrating that the profound theology he spent chapters building must ultimately bear fruit in mutual love, cultural reconciliation, and practical generosity.

The chapter opens with a direct appeal to the liberated and strong in faith—primarily the Gentile believers—urging them to actively support their over-scrupulous Jewish brothers. Paul writes that the strong must not live to please themselves; instead, they are called to "bear" or literally carry the heavy burdens and weaknesses of the fragile in faith. This is not a call for mere, passive tolerance, but for an active, self-giving love. The ultimate blueprint for this humility is Jesus Christ Himself, who did not seek His own comfort but emptied Himself to serve others.

To ground this unity, Paul turns to the historical and theological roots of the Gospel in verses 8 and 9. He reminds the Gentile believers that Jesus came as a servant to the Jewish people (the "circumcision"). This was not an afterthought; Christ came to Israel to demonstrate the absolute truth and fidelity of God, actively fulfilling and confirming the covenant promises made to the ancient patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Crucially, Paul explains that it is precisely because of this faithfulness to Israel that the floodgates of grace were opened to the rest of the world. The Gentiles do not receive a separate, independent blessing; rather, they are blessed as a direct result of God keeping His promise to the Jews. By witnessing God’s unwavering loyalty to His covenant people, the Gentiles are brought in to "glorify God for His mercy," joining their voices with Israel as one single, united choir.

Finally, Paul shows that this spiritual unity must take on a tangible, physical form. At the time of writing, he is on his way to Jerusalem to deliver a financial relief offering collected from the Gentile churches in Macedonia and Achaia. This was not a casual act of charity, but a deeply symbolic gesture of honor and debt. Paul reasons that since the Gentiles had shared in the spiritual blessings of the Jewish people, it was only fitting that they minister to them in their physical and material need. This collection served as a beautiful, concrete proof of the Gentiles' love for Israel, weaving together the strong and the weak, the rich and the poor, into one inseparable family under the lordship of Christ.

Romans 14: Jews and gentiles in the church of Rome

Christian Jews in Rome avoided certain foods and considered certain days as sacred (Shabbath). Gentile gentiles thought differently: foods and days are not important, faith in Jesus is important. Jews saw the gentiles as free from scruples while gentiles saw Jews as over-scrupulous.
The church must have the same thought in what is essential (Jesus is the Messiah, Son of God); each member is free on what is not essential (food and days), however one must love each other. It means that a gentile should not eat certain foods in the presence of his Jewish brother. 

Romans 13: The believer and the government

The Messiah was crucified by Rome, the government. The Lord was in control, even when the Messiah was crucified. The believer must be a good citizen and pay his taxes because the Lord is in control even of the kingdoms of this earth. The believer is called to love, to serve his family and his people. If the believer loves his neighbor , he will not have sex with his wife, he will not rob, etc. He will obey the commandments because he loves.

Romans 12: Sacrifice

 Romans 12: Sacrifice

We are saved by the sacrifice of Jesus therefore, Paul says (MSG):

1-2 So here’s what I want you to do, God helping you: Take your everyday, ordinary life—your sleeping, eating, going-to-work, and walking-around life—and place it before God as an offering/sacrifice. Embracing what God does for you is the best thing you can do for him. Don’t become so well-adjusted to your culture that you fit into it without even thinking. Instead, fix your attention on God. You’ll be changed from the inside out. Readily recognize what he wants from you, and quickly respond to it. Unlike the culture around you, always dragging you down to its level of immaturity, God brings the best out of you, develops well-formed maturity in you.

May the marvelous grace of the Lord move in us so that we become glad in sacrifice our lives to the Lord. The Lord doesn't call us to take guns and make a revolution; however, there is a revolution that begins inside us. Imagine Paul preaching this to the church in Rome. In Nero's time, Paul and Peter were killed, however, the revolution continued and changed the world. 

Romans 11: Israel and Jesus, again

Would the Lord break his promises to Israel? Would the Lord forget Israel and create a new nation from the gentiles?
Although many Jews had rejected Jesus, the Lord can't break his promises to Israel; surely there were a remnant that believed in Jesus as the Messiah, that were saved by faith. Not only the remmant, but the Jews will be saved in greater numbers:

25 For I do not want you, brothers and sisters, to be uninformed of this mystery—so that you will not be wise in your own estimation—that a partial hardening has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in; 26 and so all Israel will be saved;

Paul argues that the gentiles should not be arrogant, as if they Lord preferred them but not the Jews. He reminds that everything is under the Lord's control.

Romans 10: Israel and Jesus:

Paul continues to argue why the Jews are rejecting Jesus as the Messiah, while the gentiles are accepting.
Although the Jews/Israel have zeal in obeying the Law, they are trying to get salvation instead of trusting on the Lord who gives salvation.


9-10 It’s the word of faith that welcomes God to go to work and set things right for us. This is the core of our preaching. Say the welcoming word to God—“Jesus is my Master”—embracing, body and soul, God’s work of doing in us what he did in raising Jesus from the dead. That’s it. You’re not “doing” anything; you’re simply calling out to God, trusting him to do it for you. That’s salvation. With your whole being you embrace God setting things right, and then you say it, right out loud: “God has set everything right between him and me!”

For me, it is very interesting that Paul uses the word "Israel" to talk about the Jews as in:

21 But as for Israel, He says, “I have spread out My hands all day long to a disobedient and obstinate people.”

In the church that I am attending now, they see the estate of Israel as different from the eschatological Israel. To my understanding, in my church they see the believers in Jesus as the Israel. The question is: how would Paul see the estate of Israel, the military power that we see today? Would Paul think of them as Israel in the same meaning of verse 21? If by Israel we would mean the Jews, then the estate of Israel is not composed of only Jews. Anyway, Paul is sad because Israel rejected the Messiah, but he sees it as a fulfillment of the prophecies.