Romans 4: father Abraham

In Romans 3 Paul states that we are saved by faith; however, the Jews would doubt it claiming that we are declared just before the Lord by obeying the Torah. 

Paul goes to Genesis in the Torah and points to Abraham. He was declared just before the Lord because he trusted in Him, he trusted in his promises. This happened before the circumcision. Thus, Abraham is the father of those who trust in the Lord and not only those who were circumcised.

In this way, the church in Rome gathers Jews and gentiles as the people of the Lord.

Romans 3: Just before the Lord

Jews and gentiles are sinners. The Law (Torah) was kept by the Jews, but the Law didn't give power for the Jews to keep away from sin.
The crucifixion of Jesus is the price (paid by the Lord) for taking away the sins of whoever trusts on Jesus as the Messiah. Paul wrote:

21-24 But in our time something new has been added. What Moses and the prophets witnessed to all those years has happened. The God-setting-things-right that we read about has become Jesus-setting-things-right for us. And not only for us, but for everyone who believes in him. For there is no difference between us and them in this. Since we’ve compiled this long and sorry record as sinners (both us and them) and proved that we are utterly incapable of living the glorious lives God wills for us, God did it for us. Out of sheer generosity he put us in right standing with himself. A pure gift. He got us out of the mess we’re in and restored us to where he always wanted us to be. And he did it by means of Jesus Christ.

Romans 2 , Hypocrisy

While Romans 1 addresses the gentiles, Romans 2 addresses the Jews. They were feeling superior because they knew the Law, but Paul asks if they obey the Law, such as circumcision.


25-29 Circumcision, the surgical ritual that marks you as a Jew, is great if you live in accord with God’s law. But if you don’t, it’s worse than not being circumcised. The reverse is also true: The uncircumcised who keep God’s ways are as good as the circumcised—in fact, better. Better to keep God’s law uncircumcised than break it circumcised. Don’t you see: It’s not the cut of a knife that makes a Jew. You become a Jew by who you are. It’s the mark of God on your heart, not of a knife on your skin, that makes a Jew. And recognition comes from God, not legalistic critics.

Transposing to our days, if a person is baptized in a church, but doesn't live according to God's ways, is sinning and will be judged by their acts as in:

5-8 You’re not getting by with anything. Every refusal and avoidance of God adds fuel to the fire. The day is coming when it’s going to blaze hot and high, God’s fiery and righteous judgment. Make no mistake: In the end you get what’s coming to you—Real Life for those who work on God’s side, but to those who insist on getting their own way and take the path of least resistance, Fire!

Romans 1: depravity

 Romans 1: depravity

Paul wrote the letter to Romans around 57 AD, form Corinth after the Third Mission Trip. The Ceaser Claudius had expelled the Jews from Roman (perhaps due to a quarrel about Jesus), but now in 57 AD, Ceaser Claudius had been killed and Ceaser Nero with only 19 years old assumed Rome. In this context, Jew Christians came back to Rome and to the church, causing a conflict between gentiles and Jews. The Messiah came from the Jews, were they more important? The Jews had the Law, but how the Law was important to salvation?
The gospel - the message that we are saved by Jesus - begins with the question: "why gentiles need salvation?"; Answer: "because they are sinners and deserve the death". In Romans 1, Paul wrote:

18-23 But God’s angry displeasure erupts as acts of human mistrust and wrongdoing and lying accumulate, as people try to put a shroud over truth. But the basic reality of God is plain enough. Open your eyes and there it is! By taking a long and thoughtful look at what God has created, people have always been able to see what their eyes as such can’t see: eternal power, for instance, and the mystery of his divine being. So nobody has a good excuse. What happened was this: People knew God perfectly well, but when they didn’t treat him like God, refusing to worship him, they trivialized themselves into silliness and confusion so that there was neither sense nor direction left in their lives. They pretended to know it all, but were illiterate regarding life. They traded the glory of God who holds the whole world in his hands for cheap figurines you can buy at any roadside stand.

The gentiles didn't have the Torah; however they could understand some attributes of the Lord such as his eternal power and his divine nature; however,instead of praising the Lord, the gentiles decided to praise things in the world. Due to this refusal to come to the Lord, the Lord delivered the gentiles to a greater depravity, i.e., to their sins. That is why, the gentiles need the Messiah, to restablish their connection to the Lord. 

2 Corinthians 13: check up

The Corinthians were criticizing Paul. Paul wrote:

5-9 Test yourselves to make sure you are solid in the faith. Don’t drift along taking everything for granted. Give yourselves regular checkups. You need firsthand evidence, not mere hearsay, that Jesus Christ is in you. Test it out. If you fail the test, do something about it. I hope the test won’t show that we have failed. But if it comes to that, we’d rather the test showed our failure than yours. We’re rooting for the truth to win out in you. We couldn’t possibly do otherwise.

The test addresses the question: "Is Jesus the Messiah living in me?".

Jesus changes our view of the Lord, of the world, of our values, priorities, of everything. This change of view must be linked to a change in our behavior. Paul wrote:

2 On my second visit I warned that bunch that keeps sinning over and over in the same old ways that when I came back I wouldn’t go easy on them. 

Paul was asking the Corinthians to ask if they belong to Jesus, and if so, it must produce a change of life.
The letter to the Corinthians is not only a defense of Paul, but a pastoral letter to guide the sheep back to Jesus.

2 Corinthians 12: Thorn in the Flesh

The Corinthians respected the "super apostles" so much that they paid money (salary?) to them while Paul restrained himself and he didn't charge anything from them. Paul was interested in the hearts of the Corinthians, not their money. Paul was thinking about what made the Corinthians pay so much attention to the super apostles and he begins to brag about spectacular revelations from the Lord, but then, he stops because he understands that:

7-10 Because of the extravagance of those revelations, and so I wouldn’t get a big head, I was given the gift of a handicap to keep me in constant touch with my limitations (the thorn in the flesh). Satan’s angel did his best to get me down; what he in fact did was push me to my knees. No danger then of walking around high and mighty! At first I didn’t think of it as a gift, and begged God to remove it. Three times I did that, and then he told me,
My grace is enough; it’s all you need.
My strength comes into its own in your weakness.

Paul had a thorn in the flesh, a suffering, but he realizes that this suffering made him seek and pray to the Lord. Instead of bragging about his intelligence, etc.; Paul brags about his sufferings because they made him more dependent of the Lord. For Paul, a great man is the one who depends on the Lord.

2 Corinthians 11: Paul is jelous of the "super apostles".

Paul is jealous of the "attention" that the Corinthians were giving to the "super apostles" because Paul understood that they were being mislead and used by them. It is similar to a woman that always fall in love for the wrong guy and can't see who really takes care of her. Paul decided to show that he is fully compromised with Jesus. How? Instead of showing how Jew he is, his education, etc; he showed them how he had hard times because of Jesus: he was flogged, beaten Roman rods and even betrayed by people form the church.
This makes me wonder that a Christian life is not about being elevated by the Lord above others; it is all about being identified with Jesus.